Prunin from Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rafin Inhibits Aldose Reductase and Glucose-Fructose-Mediated Protein Glycation and Oxidation of Human Serum Albumin.

Diabetes complications are associated with aldose reductase (AR) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Using bioassay-guided isolation by column chromatography, 10 flavonoids and one coumarin were isolated from Poncirus trifoliata Rafin and tested in vitro for an inhibitory effect against human recombinant AR (HRAR) and rat lens AR (RLAR). Prunin, narirutin, and naringin inhibited RLAR (IC50 0.48-2.84 µM) and HRAR (IC50 0.68-4.88 µM). Docking simulations predicted negative binding energies and interactions with the RLAR and HRAR binding pocket residues. Prunin (0.1 and 12.5 µM) prevented the formation of fluorescent AGEs and nonfluorescent Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), as well as the fructose-glucose-mediated protein glycation and oxidation of human serum albumin (HSA). Prunin suppressed the formation of the ß-cross-amyloid structure of HSA. These results indicate that prunin inhibits oxidation-dependent protein damage, AGE formation, and AR, which may help prevent diabetes complications.

Astraoleanosides E-P, oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins from the aerial parts of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge and their ß-glucuronidase inhibitory activity.

Historically, Astragalus membranaceus Bunge has been used as a beneficial medicinal plant, particularly in the Asian traditional medical systems, for the treatment of various human diseases such as stomach ulcers, diarrhea, and respiratory issues associated with phlegm. In this study, a phytochemical characterization of the aerial parts of A. membranaceusled to the isolation of 29 oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins, including 11 new compounds named astraoleanosides E-P (6-9, 13, 14, 18-22), as well as 18 known ones. The structures of these compounds were elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Among them, astraoleanoside H (9) and cloversaponin III (15) demonstrated the most potent ß-glucuronidase inhibitory activities, with IC50 values of 21.20 ± 0.75 and 9.05 ± 0.47 µM, respectively, compared to the positive control d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50 = 20.62 ± 1.61 µM). Enzyme kinetics studies were then conducted to investigate the type of inhibition exhibited by these active compounds. In addition, the binding mechanism, key interactions, binding stability, and dynamic behavior of protein-ligand complexes were investigated through in silico approaches, such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. These findings highlight the promising potential of triterpenoid saponins from A. membranaceus as lead compounds for ß-glucuronidase inhibitors, offering new possibilities for the development of therapeutic agents targeting various diseases where ß-glucuronidase plays a crucial role.

Evaluating the toxicity of the roots of Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum extracted using the decoction method: Genotoxicity, single-dose toxicity, and 13-week repeated-dose toxicity studies.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The roots of Asarum heterotropoides F. Maekawa var. mandshuricum F. Maekawa (AR) is a traditional herbal medicine used across Asia, including Korea, China, and Japan. AR exhibits a range of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, cold treatment, and anti-nociceptive effects. Various extraction methods, including decoction, which utilizes traditional knowledge and techniques. The AR decoction extract expected to contain fewer toxicants and have reduced toxicity due to the use of hot water in the extraction process. However, scientific evidence on the toxicity of AR decoction extracts is lacking, necessitating further studies for safe usage. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity and toxicity of single and repeated administration of AR decoction extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The genotoxicity was assessed using a bacterial reverse mutation (Ames test), an in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test (CA test), and an in vivo micronucleus test (MN test) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The general toxicity was evaluated through single-dose and 13-week repeated-dose toxicity studies. In the single-dose toxicity study, 40 SD rats were orally administered AR decoction extract at doses of 1000, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg. In the 13-week repeated-dose toxicity study, 140 SD rats received daily oral doses of 0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg of AR decoction extract. RESULTS: The genotoxicity tests revealed that AR decoction extract was not genotoxic. The single-dose toxicity study showed no changes in body weight, clinical pathology, or macroscopic findings, with the approximate lethal dose (ALD) exceeding 5000 mg/kg. The 13-week repeated-dose toxicity study demonstrated no treatment-related changes in body weight, general symptoms, hematology, clinical chemistry, or urinalysis. Histopathological findings revealed hyperplasia of squamous cells in the forestomach after AR decoction extract administration, a treatment-related effect that resolved during the recovery period. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for both male and female rats was estimated to be 2000 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes the non-toxic dose of AR decoction extract, providing a foundation for further non-clinical and clinical evaluations AR safety.

Sucrosephenylpropanoid esters and isoflavonoids isolated from Belamcanda chinensis roots and their potential anti-osteoclastogenic activity.

Repeated chromatography of the CH2Cl2 and EtOAc soluble fractions from the methanol extract of Belamcanda chinensis root yielded six new sucrosephenylpropanoid esters (1-6) and twenty-one known compounds (7-27). The structures of 1-6 were elucidated using diverse nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data analysis, together with chemical methods. All the twenty-seven isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-osteoclastogenic activities. Preliminary screening results revealed that compounds 1 and 19 exhibited strong effects against RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the treatment of mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) with compounds 1 and 19 significantly decreased RANKL-induced TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclast formation in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting cell viability. Further bioassay investigation showed that compounds 1 and 19 inhibited the expression of some osteoclast-specific marker genes and the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) in response to RANKL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of anti-osteoclastogenic activity for compounds isolated from B. chinensis.

Insights into the inhibitory activities of neolignans and diarylnonanoid derivatives from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) seeds on soluble epoxide hydrolase using in vitro and in silico approaches.

Two new neolignans, myrifralignans F-G (14 and 18), four new diarylnonanoid derivatives, myrifragranones A-D (21-24), and 18 known compounds were isolated and structurally elucidated from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) seeds. The absolute configurations of these secondary metabolites were determined using the electronic circular dichroism technique. The inhibitory potential of these isolated compounds on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) was investigated for the first time. Among them, malabaricones B and C (19 and 20) and four new compounds 21-24 displayed inhibitory activities against sEH, with IC50 values ranging from 14.24 to 46.35 µM. Additionally, the binding mechanism, key binding interactions, stability, and dynamic behaviour of the active compounds with the sEH enzyme were analysed using in silico molecular docking and dynamics simulations. Our findings suggest that nutmeg could become a promising natural source for discovering and developing new sEH inhibitors.

1,5-Anhydro-d-glucitol derivative and galloylated flavonoids isolated from the leaves of Acer ginnala Maxim. as dual inhibitors of PTP1B and α-glucosidase enzymes: In vitro and in silico studies.

Four undescribed compounds (two 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol derivatives and two galloyl derivatives) and fourteen known compounds were isolated and structurally identified from leaves of Acer ginnala Maxim. (Amur maple). Structures and absolute configurations of the four undescribed compounds were determined using extensive analysis of NMR spectroscopic, HRESI-MS, modified Mosher ester method, and comparison with spectroscopic data of known compounds. Bioactivity evaluation revealed that the isolated 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol derivative, galloylated flavonol rhamnosides, and galloylated flavanols had inhibitory effects on both protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B, IC50 values ranging of 3.46-12.65 µM) and α-glucosidase (IC50 values ranging of 0.88-6.06 µM) in comparison with a positive control for PTP1B (ursolic acid, IC50 = 5.10 µM) or α-glucosidase (acarbose, IC50 = 141.62 µM). A combination of enzyme kinetic analysis and molecular docking provided additional evidence in favor of their inhibitory activities and mechanism. These data demonstrate that A. ginnala Maxim. together with its constituents are promising sources of potent candidates for developing novel anti-diabetic medications.

Spectroscopic analysis, kinetic mechanism, computational docking, and molecular dynamics of active metabolites from the aerial parts of Astragalus membranaceusBunge as tyrosinase inhibitors.

A new isoflavane derivative (2), a new natural isoflavane (6), four new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins (23, 25, 28, and 29), and twenty three known secondary metabolites (1, 3-5, 7-22, 24, 26, and 27) were isolated from the aerial parts of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated through spectroscopic analysis and compared with those identified in previous studies. Tyrosinase inhibition ability of isolated compounds (1-29) was evaluated. Of these, compounds 3, 4, 6, and 14 exhibited inhibitory effects, with IC50 values ranging from 24.6 to 59.2 µM. According to kinetic analysis, compounds 3 and 4 were non-competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, whereas compounds 6 and 14 inhibited tyrosinase in uncompetitive and competitive modes, respectively. Molecular docking analysis identified that compounds 3, 4, and 6 could bind to allosteric sites and compound 14 could bind to the catalytic site of tyrosinase, which is consistent with the results of kinetic studies. Molecular dynamics behaviors of the active compounds in complex with tyrosinase were investigated via 60 ns simulation which demonstrated their high stability. These findings indicate that the aerial parts of A. membranaceus are a potential source of natural tyrosinase inhibitors.

Genotoxicity assessment of root extracts of Paeonia lactiflora Pall.

The roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., (Paeoniae Radix, PL) are a well-known herbal remedy used to treat fever, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis, and gynecological disorders in East Asia. Here we evaluated the genetic toxicity of PL extracts (as a powder [PL-P] and hot-water extract [PL-W]) in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. The Ames test revealed that PL-W was not toxic to S. typhimurium strains and E. coli in absence and presence of the S9 metabolic activation system at concentrations up to 5000 µg/plate, but PL-P produced a mutagenic response to TA100 in the absence of S9 mix. PL-P was cytotoxic in in vitro chromosomal aberrations (more than a 50 % decrease in cell population doubling time), and it increased the frequency of structural and numerical aberrations in absence and presence of S9 mix in a concentration-dependent manner. PL-W was cytotoxic in the in vitro chromosomal aberration tests (more than a 50 % decrease in cell population doubling time) only in the absence of S9 mix, and it induced structural aberrations only in the presence of S9 mix. PL-P and PL-W did not produce toxic response during the in vivo micronucleus test after oral administration to ICR mice and did not induce positive results in the in vivo Pig-a gene mutation and comet assays after oral administration to SD rats. Although PL-P showed genotoxic in two in vitro tests, the results from physiologically relevant in vivo Pig-a gene mutation and comet assays illustrated that PL-P and PL-W does not cause genotoxic effects in rodents.

Evaluation of genotoxicity and 13-week subchronic toxicity of root of Asarum heterotropoides var. seoulense (Nakai) Kitag.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Asarum heterotropoides var. seoulense (Nakai) Kitag is a traditional herbal medicine used in Korea and China. It is effective in aphthous stomatitis, local anesthesia, headache, toothache, gingivitis, and inflammatory diseases. However, information on the toxicity of the root of Asarum heterotropoides var. seoulense (Nakai) Kitag (AR) is limited. Therefore, preclinical toxicity studies on AR are needed to reduce the risk of excessive intake. AIM OF THE STUDY: We aimed to evaluate genotoxicity and the potential toxicity due to repeated administration of AR powder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames), in vitro chromosomal aberration assay (CA), and in vivo micronucleus (MN) assay in ICR mice were conducted. As positive results were obtained in Ames and CA assays, alkaline comet assay and pig-a gene mutation test were conducted for confirmation. For evaluating the general toxicity of AR powder, a 13-week subchronic toxicity test was conducted, after determining the dose by performing a single and a 4-week dose range finding (DRF) test. A total of 152 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were orally administered AR powder at doses of 0, 150, 350, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day in the 13-week subchronic toxicity test. Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weight, macro-, and microscopic examination were conducted after rat necropsy. RESULTS: AR powder induced genotoxicity evidenced in the Ames test at 187.5, 750, 375, and 1500 µg/plate of TA100, TA98, TA1537, and E. coli WP2uvrA in the presence and absence of S9, respectively; CA test at 790 µg/mL for 6 h in the presence of S-9; 75 µg/mL for 6 h in the absence of S-9, and 70 µg/mL for 22 h in the absence of S-9 in the stomach in the comet assay but not in MN and pig-a assays. In the 13-week subchronic toxicity study, clinical signs including irregular respiration, noisy respiration, salivation, and decreased body weight or food consumption were observed in males and females in the 2000 mg/kg/day group. In hematology tests, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weight, and macroscopic examination, changes were observed in the dose groups of 500 mg/kg/day and above. Microscopic examination revealed hyperplasia of the stomach as a test-related change. Hepatocellular adenoma and changes in liver-related clinical chemistry parameters were observed. The rat No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was 150 mg/kg/day in males and <150 mg/kg/day in females. CONCLUSIONS: AR powder is potentially toxic to the liver and stomach and should be used with caution in humans. A long-term study on carcinogenicity is necessitated because DNA damage or changes in tissue lesions were observed in SD rats.

Inhibitory Activity of Bioactive Phloroglucinols from the Rhizomes of Dryopteris crassirhizoma on Escherichia coli ß-Glucuronidase: Kinetic Analysis and Molecular Docking Studies

Phloroglucinols-one of the major secondary metabolites in Dryopteris crassirhizoma-exhibit various pharmacological effects, such as antiviral, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. This study evaluated 30 phloroglucinols isolated from the rhizomes of D. crassirhizoma for their inhibitory activity on ß-glucuronidase via in vitro assays. Among them, dimeric phloroglucinols 13-15 moderately inhibited ß-glucuronidase, and trimeric phloroglucinols 26-28 showed strong inhibitory effects, with IC50 values ranging from 5.6 to 8.0 µM. Enzyme kinetic analysis confirmed all six active compounds to be in a competitive mode of inhibition. Molecular docking simulations revealed the key binding interactions with the active site of ß-glucuronidase protein and the binding mechanisms of these active metabolites. Our results suggest that the rhizomes of D. crassirhizoma and trimeric compounds 26-28 may serve as potential candidates for discovering and developing new ß-glucuronidase inhibitors.

Structures and antiosteoclastogenic activity of compounds isolated from edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves and stems.

One new 1,4-bis-phenyl-1,4-butanedione glycoside (14), one new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid (16), and 16 known compounds were isolated from the leaves and stems of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by interpretation of their 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and HRESIMS data. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations and Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy was used to determine absolute configurations of the new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid (16). All the isolated compounds were examined for their antiosteoclastogenic activity. Preliminarily results of the TRAP staining on RAW 264.7 cells indicated that compounds 1 and 11 possess potential inhibitory effects on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Further bioassay investigation was carried out to reveal that compounds 1 and 11 suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in a concentration-dependent manner with the inhibition up to 55% and 78% at the concentration of 10 µM, respectively. In addition, the structure-activity relationship analysis showed that the 1,3-dioxole substitute and the double bond at C-6a/C-7 in the aporphine skeleton may be responsible for the antiosteoclastogenic activity. The findings provided valuable insights for the discovery and structural modification of aporphine alkaloids as the antiosteoclastogenic lead compounds.

PTP1B and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the chemical constituents from Hedera rhombea fruits: Kinetic analysis and molecular docking simulation.

In this study, we present the first investigation of Hedera rhombea Bean fruit, which led to the isolation of six undescribed compounds including two megastigmane glucosides, two rare 1,4-dioxane neolignanes, and two quinic acid derivatives, together with 26 known compounds. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive analysis of NMR spectroscopic data, HRMS, and ECD calculations. This is the first report on the isolation of methyl 3-O-caffeoyl-5-O-p-coumaroylquinate from a natural source. Among the isolated compounds, falcarindiol and caffeoyltryptophan showed significant PTP1B inhibition with IC50 values of 7.32 and 16.99 µM, respectively, compared to those of the positive controls [sodium orthovanadate (IC50 = 17.96 µM) and ursolic acid (IC50 = 4.53 µM)]. These two compounds along with several other compounds displayed significant α-glucosidase inhibitions with IC50 values ranging from 12.88 to 91.89 µM, stronger than that of the positive control (acarbose, IC50 = 298.07 µM). Enzyme kinetic analysis indicated that caffeoyltryptophan and falcarindiol displayed competitive and mixed-type PTP1B inhibition, respectively, whereas the α-glucosidase inhibition type was mixed-type for caffeoyltryptophan and uncompetitive (rarely reported for a-glucosidase inhibitors) for falcarindiol. In addition, molecular docking results showed that these active compounds exhibited good binding affinities toward both PTP1B and α-glucosidase with negative binding energies. The results of the present study demonstrate that these active compounds might be beneficial in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Anti-osteoclastogenic Effects of Indole Alkaloids Isolated from Barley (Hordeum vulgare Var. Hexastichon) Grass.

As part of our continuous program to identify new potential candidates for controlling osteolytic bone diseases from natural products, the alkaloid fraction of barley (Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichon) grass (HVA) significantly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and protected mice from LPS-induced bone loss. A phytochemical investigation of HVA afforded nine indole alkaloids, including one new compound [hordeumin A (1)] and eight known analogues (2-9). Of them, four (1, 2, 4, and 5) were anti-osteoclastogenic compounds. Of these four, compound 5 significantly suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast formation, actin ring formation, and bone resorption in a concentration-dependent manner. It also suppressed the RANKL-induced NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and the activation of c-Fos and NFATc1. Compound 5 also reduced the expression levels of osteoclast-specific marker genes, including TRAP, CtsK, DC-STAMP, OSCAR, and MMP9. Our findings suggest that HVA and its alkaloid constituents could be valuable candidates for the prevention and treatment of osteolytic bone diseases.

PTP1B inhibition studies of biological active phloroglucinols from the rhizomes of Dryopteris crassirhizoma: Kinetic properties and molecular docking simulation.

By various chromatographic methods, 30 phloroglucinols (1-30) were isolated from a methanol extract of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, including two new dimeric phloroglucinols (13 and 25). The structures of the isolates were confirmed by HR-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR as well as by comparison with the literature. The protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) effects of the isolated compounds (1-30) were evaluated using sodium orthovanadate and ursolic acid as a positive control. Among them, trimeric phloroglucinols 26-28 significantly exhibited the PTP1B inhibitory effects with the IC50 values of 1.19 ± 0.13, 1.00 ± 0.04, 1.23 ± 0.05 µM, respectively. In addition, the kinetic analysis revealed compounds 26-28 acted as competitive inhibitors against PTP1B enzyme with Ki values of 0.63, 0.61, 1.57 µM, respectively. Molecular docking simulations were performed to demonstrate that these active compounds can bind with the catalytic sites of PTP1B with negative binding energies and the results are in accordance with that of the kinetic studies. In vitro and in silico results suggest that D. crassirhizoma rhizomes together with compounds 26-28 are potential candidates for treating type 2 diabetes.

Structural characterization of prenylated compounds from Broussonetia kazinoki and their antiosteoclastogenic activity.

An undescribed 1,3-diphenylpropane derivative, kazinol V and six undescribed prenylated flavonoids, broussonols F-H and broussonols K-M were isolated from the roots of Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold, together with 12 known compounds. This is the first report of the isolation and structure determination of broussonol I from a natural source. The chemical structure of the undescribed compounds was determined using conventional NMR and HRMS data. Absolute configurations were assigned using time-dependent density functional theory calculations and Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. The isolated compounds were screened for their effects on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation using RAW264.7 cells. Among them, broussonols F, G, and K showed strong, dose-dependent antiosteoclastogenic activities. Broussonol K exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity and possessed bone resorption suppressive activity.

SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibition by compounds isolated from Luffa cylindrica using molecular docking.

In this study, chemical investigation of methanol extract of the air-dried fruits of Luffa cylindrica led to the identification of a new δ-valerolactone (1), along with sixteen known compounds (2-17). Their chemical structures including the absolute configuration were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and electronic circular dichroism analysis, as well as by comparison with those reported in the literature. For the first time in literature, we have examined the binding potential of the isolated compounds to highly conserved protein, Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 using the molecular docking technique. We found that the isolated saponins (14-17) bind to the substrate-binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with docking energy scores of -7.13, -7.29, -7.47, and -7.54 kcal.mol-1, respectively, along with binding abilities equivalent to an already claimed N3 protease inhibitor (-7.51 kcal.mol-1).

Flavonoids from the peels of Citrus unshiu Markov. and their inhibitory effects on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through the downregulation of c-Fos signaling in vitro.

Phytochemical investigation of Citrus unshiu peels led to the isolation of eight new flavonols (7-9, 11-15) and sixteen known compounds (1-6, 10, 16-24). Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic analysis (1D, 2D NMR, and HR-MS). Besides, all isolated compounds (1-24) were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on receptor activator of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in BMMs. Among them, dimethylmikanin (1), quercetogetin (2), 3,3',4',5,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (3), 3-methoxynobiletin (4) showed a significant inhibitory effect on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation at a concentration of 10 µM. Moreover, 3-methoxynobiletin (4) suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by decreasing the number of osteoclasts and osteoclast actin-ring formation in a dose-dependent manner without causing any cytotoxic effects on BMMs. At the molecular level, 3-methoxynobiletin (4) inhibited RANKL-induced c-Fos expression and subsequently NFATc1 activation, as well as the expression of osteoclastogenesis-related marker genes c-Src and CtsK. These findings suggested that 3-methoxynobiletin (4) attenuated osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting RANKL-mediated c-Fos signaling and that it may have therapeutic potential for treating or preventing bone resorption-related diseases, such as osteoporosis.

PTP1B Inhibitory and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Constituents from Eclipta prostrata L.

The white-flowered leaves of Eclipta prostrata L. together with leaves of Scoparia dulcis and Cynodon dactylon are mixedly boiled in water and given to diabetic patients resulting in the significant improvement in the management of diabetes. However, the active constituents from this plant for antidiabetic and anti-obesity properties are remaining unclear. Thus, this study was to discover anti-diabetes and anti-obesity activities through protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP)1B inhibitory effects. We found that the fatty acids (23, 24) showed potent PTP1B inhibition with IC50 values of 2.14 and 3.21 µM, respectively. Triterpenoid-glycosides (12-15) also exhibited strong to moderate PTP1B inhibitory effects, with IC50 values ranging from 10.88 to 53.35 µM. Additionally, active compounds were investigated for their PTP1B inhibitory mechanism and docking analysis. On the other hand, the anti-inflammatory activity from our study revealed that compounds (1-4, 7, 8, 10) displayed the significant inhibition nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Especially, compound 9 showed the potent inhibitory effects in LPS-induced NO production on RAW264.7 cell. Therefore, further Western blot analysis was performed to identify the inhibitory expression including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and inhibitor of kappaB (IκB) phosphorylation.

Diterpenoids isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza and their anti-inflammatory activity.

Four new diterpene-type compounds normiltirone (3) and isosalviamides F-H (14-16) together with twelve known compounds (1, 2, 4-13) were isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Their structures were mainly elucidated from detailed spectroscopic data. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Compound 11 showed a strong inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 3.4 ± 1.2 µM.

Triterpenoids from Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption via c-Fos signaling.

Fourteen triterpenes, lup-20(29)-ene-3ß,6ß-diol (1), betulin (2), lupeol caffeate (3), 3ß-caffeoyloxylup-20(29)-en-6α-ol (4), betulin-3ß-yl-caffeate (5), 3ß-trans-feruloylbetulin (6), betulinaldehyde 3-caffeate (7), 3-O-trans-caffeoylbetulinic acid (8), dammarenediol II 3-caffeate (9), 12-oleanene-3ß,6α-diol (10), 11α-hydroxy-3ß-amyrin (11), nivadiol (12), 29-hydroxyfriedelin (13), and celastrusin A (14) were isolated from Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. and evaluated for their activity on receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Compounds betulin (2), betulin-3ß-yl-caffeate (5), 3ß-trans-feruloylbetulin (6), and 3-O-trans-caffeoylbetulinic acid (8) significantly inhibited osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner. Among these, betulin-3ß-yl-caffeate (5) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity. We demonstrated that betulin-3ß-yl-caffeate (5) suppressed F-actin-ring formation and bone resorption activity. At the molecular level, betulin-3ß-yl-caffeate (5) inhibited RANK-induced expression of c-Fos and the induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), a key transcription factor for osteoclast formation, and it also downregulated mRNA expression of osteogenesis-associated marker genes including tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), and matrix metalloprotein (MMP). These results indicate that betulin-3ß-yl-caffeate (5) may be a promising candidate for the treatment of osteoclast-related diseases such as osteoporosis.